For decades, the UK Ministry of Defence hid its analysis of Soviet submarine masts, using radar signatures to estimate the reactor outputs that powered the Cold War's deadliest hulls.
Soviet Far East production stalled when Pyongyang diverted essential cement to capitalist markets and demanded a nuclear plant for prestige while blaming Moscow for the crisis.
Pyongyang fought for a 1993 nuclear deadline and double steel capacity until Soviet experts refused to sacrifice geological safety for political requirements.
Official diplomatic channels were bypassed in 1983 when a North Korean official sought technical training in Hungary to prepare for his country's first nuclear reactor.